Muse of Manila

She had ever become the most popular women in Filipina. She is the beautiful first lady with some important position; she also a wife of Filipina’s president. After her husband died, Imelda should face some legal claims from Filipina governance. The governance accuse that she was engage in a corruption case. However, it was unproved, because after 17 years, court decided that she is not committed errors.
Imelda Remedios Visiticion Trinidad Romualdez Marcos was born on July 2, 1929. Her father is vincente Orestes Romualdez and her mother is Remedios Trinidad. Many people said that Imelda’s beautiful face is the legacy from her mother. Because of her beautiful face, Imelda gets many titles. For instance, Rose of Tacloban, Miss Leyte, Muse of Manila and the others beauty titles.
On 1954, Imelda met a member of congress from Ilocos Norte, namely Ferdinand Edrakin Marcos. They got married soon after their first meeting. From their marriage, they get four children. They are Maria Imelda Imee Marcos, Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. ,Irene Marcos, and Aimee Marcos. After her husband selected as Filipina’s president, thay all moved to Malacanang Palace.
After her husband shifted by the people power of Filipina, they moved to Honolulu. There was a rumour that sais when Imelda left Malacanag Palace, she left 3000 pairs of shoes, 15 fur coat, and 888 bags. The other sources said that there were only 1.060 pairs of shoes. On the contrary, when she was live in the exile, she felt that she was very poor.

She Was the Mrs. President; She Is Corazon Aquino

She is the Mrs. President of Filipina. She led Filipina after Ferdinand Marcos’ regime. As the wife of Benigno Servillano Aquino, she has known as a simple woman. She is Corazon Benigno Aquino. Before 1986, her name is not too popular in Filipina. She just took a role as a housewife and take care for her children. In fact, Corazon Aquino is a daughter of rich man in that country. She is a Latinist woman actually.
Corazon started to be known in the early of 1983. An accident brought her life to the different situation. It was on August 21, 1983; her husband died in the Manila’s airport after coming back from United States. Many people believed that Ferdinand Marcos engage in this accident. Because of this accident, she shifted for her husband as a senator.
Ferdinand Marcos was known as a dictator president. After her husband died, most of Filipina populaces support her. In 1986, appeared a term that said “vox populi vox dei”, the voice of populace is the voice of god. This became a strong power for the populace to shift Marcos a president. The populace believed that if all the populace allied together, they could bring a new world for Filipina. Then Corazon took an important role in this movement.
On February 1986, the populaces succeed to shift Marcos from the governance. Corazon Aquino appeared as a new president of Filipina. She brought so much surprised for Filipina; one of her policy was about The Land Reform. Corazon’s family knew as the rich landlord in Filipina. However, she never thought about her family only, it was a proof that she led not just a group of people but for all people.

SHOPAHOLIC

Many people said that woman loves shopping so much. See, many shopping centers in this world full of women every day. They run here and there to find the things that they want, or even the things that they do not need absolutely. There are many woman prefer going shopping in their free time rather than having a sleep or taking rest. From shopping, they get a feeling of contented and they want it repeatedly. This is a kind of hobby. Let’s say, freak to shopping as well.
There is an appropriate word to called this kind of person, it is shopaholic. Yeah, let’s see in our dictionary first, shopaholic is a person that really enjoys shopping and spent their lot of money and time for those things. However, this kind of hobby is not always attack the woman only, but it also can attack the man. Based on a research of an organization in The United States, one of 20 people disposed experience shopaholic, whether man or woman. A shopaholic’s woman usually spent their money to buy cosmetics, bags, shoes, etc. Weather man, usually spent their money to buy electronics gadget; like hand-phone, mp3 players, play-station, etc.
Some people said that shopaholic is kind of syndrome that make someone feel very tortured if (s)he does not fulfill his or her desires to go shopping. There are some causes of this problem. Shopaholic can attack someone who has idea that (s)he should on a equal level to someone that more than him or her. It also is can appear to someone feel so stress, with going shopping, (s)he can forget all the problems in his or her had. This is also happen to someone that never satisfied with his or her achievement.
To prevent our self from this syndrome, we should be honest to our own self. Say yes, if you can buy that things and say no if you do not need it totally. We also should learn how to control our desires of shopping and use positive way to break of the stress. We can make a note or a plan before going shopping and avoid the “sale” as an amazing temptation.

National Languages and Language Planning

National Languages and Language Planning

In sociolinguistics the distinction between a national language and an official language is generally made along the affective referential dimension, or more precisely the ideological instrumental dimension. A national language is the language of a political, cultural and social unit. It is generally developed and used as a symbol of national unity. Its functions are to identify the nation and unite the people of the nation. An official language, by contrast, it simply a language which may be used for government business. Its function is primarily utilitarian rather than symbolic. It is possible for one language to serve both functions.

Language planning is defined most simply as deliberate language change. Language planners generally focus on specific language problems. Their role is to develop a policy of language use which will solve the problems appropriately in particular speech communities.

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Pidgin and Creoles

Name 

Pidgins and Creoles

I.       Pidgins

·         Pidgins Development

A pidgins is a language which has no native speakers. Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language. Pidgins seems particularly likely to arise when two groups with different language are communicating in a situation where there is also a third dominant language. On sea costs in multilingual contexts, pidgins developed as trade, who used a colonial language. Initially, pidgins develop with a narrow range of functions. Those who used them have other language too, so the pidgin is an addition to their linguistic repertoire used for specific purposes.

·      

II.    Creoles

A Creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers. They are learned by children as their first language and used in a wide range of domains. As a result of their status as some group’s first language, creoles also differ from pidgins in their range of functions, in their structure and in some cases in the attitudes expressed towards them. A creole is a pidgin which has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language.

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Language Maintenance and Shift

Language Maintenance and Shift

Language maintenance generally refers to the effort to maintain or to defend a language from the extinction.

Language shift generally refers to the process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire.

Language shift happen commonly in three major areas:

1.      Migrant minorities

2.      Non-Migrant communities

3.      Migrant majorities

 

Language Death and Loss

Language death has occurred when a language is no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world. The process of language death for the language comes about through the kind of gradual loss of fluency and competence by its speaker.

 

Factors Contributing to Language Shift

v  Economic, Social and Political Factors

v  Demographic Factors

 

Language Revival

Generally, language revival is the result of the efforts of maintaining the language, which has been death or loss.

Diglossia

 

Diglossia

Diglossia can be defined as the pattern of code or variety choice. It has been used both in narrow sense and in much broader sense. It has three criteria (in narrow and original sense) :

1.      Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high (H) variety and the other a low (L) variety.

2.      Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.

3.      No one uses the variety in everyday conversation.

 

H variety can be defined as a language that a nation used first and become like one of their culture. L variety can be defined as a language that used in a formal occasion. For example:  A Germany speaks Swiss German in her everyday  interactions with other Swiss German, but she use standard German in her office.

 Attitudes towards the two codes in diglossia situation are complicated. People are generally admire the H variety. This attitude is reinforced by the fact that H variety is the one which is described and fixed or standardize in grammar books and dictionaries. However, attitudes to the L variety are varied and often ambivalent. In many countries L variety is used only locally, people may rate the variety very low indeed.

Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be bilingual. Societies or communities are diglossic. In other words, diglossia describes societal or institutionalized bilingualism, where two varieties are required to cover all the community’s domains.

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