Name
Pidgins and Creoles
I. Pidgins
· Pidgins Development
A pidgins is a language which has no native speakers. Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language. Pidgins seems particularly likely to arise when two groups with different language are communicating in a situation where there is also a third dominant language. On sea costs in multilingual contexts, pidgins developed as trade, who used a colonial language. Initially, pidgins develop with a narrow range of functions. Those who used them have other language too, so the pidgin is an addition to their linguistic repertoire used for specific purposes.
· Kind of Linguistic Structure of a Pidgin
Pidgin language are created from the combined efforts of people who speaks different language. Both sides generally contribute to the sounds, the vocabulary, and the grammatical features, and some additional features may emerge which are unique to the new variety. It has been found that when one group speaks a prestigious world language and the other a local vernacular, the prestige language tends to supply more of the vocabulary, while vernacular languages have more influence on the grammar of the developing pidgin.
A pidgin language has three identifying characteristics:
1. It is used in restricted domains and functions
2. It has a simplified structure compared to the source language
3. It generally has low prestige and attracts negative attitudes especially from outsiders
Pidgins often have a short life. If they develop for a restricted function, they disappear when that function disappears. A trading pidgin usually disappears when trade between that groups dies out.
II. Creoles
A Creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers. They are learned by children as their first language and used in a wide range of domains. As a result of their status as some group’s first language, creoles also differ from pidgins in their range of functions, in their structure and in some cases in the attitudes expressed towards them. A creole is a pidgin which has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language.
· Function
A pidgin can become so useful as a lingua franca that it may be expanded and used even by people who share a tribal language. A creole has develop it can used for all the functions of any language. Creole have been become accepted standard and even national and official languages.
· Attitudes
Though outsiders’ attitudes to creoles are often negative as their attitudes to pidgins. The majority of the people who are monolingual in the creole express strong loyalty to it as the language which best expresses their feelings.
III. Origins and Ending
Account for the similarities by pointing to two types of constraints on pidgin and creole development which they all share:
1. Pidgins arise in different context but for the same kinds of basic functions; trade, barter and other essentially transactional and referentially oriented function.
2. These functions are expressed through structural processes which seem universal to all situations of language development; processes such as simplification and reduction of redundant features.
