National Languages and Language Planning

National Languages and Language Planning

In sociolinguistics the distinction between a national language and an official language is generally made along the affective referential dimension, or more precisely the ideological instrumental dimension. A national language is the language of a political, cultural and social unit. It is generally developed and used as a symbol of national unity. Its functions are to identify the nation and unite the people of the nation. An official language, by contrast, it simply a language which may be used for government business. Its function is primarily utilitarian rather than symbolic. It is possible for one language to serve both functions.

Language planning is defined most simply as deliberate language change. Language planners generally focus on specific language problems. Their role is to develop a policy of language use which will solve the problems appropriately in particular speech communities.

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Pidgin and Creoles

Name 

Pidgins and Creoles

I.       Pidgins

·         Pidgins Development

A pidgins is a language which has no native speakers. Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language. Pidgins seems particularly likely to arise when two groups with different language are communicating in a situation where there is also a third dominant language. On sea costs in multilingual contexts, pidgins developed as trade, who used a colonial language. Initially, pidgins develop with a narrow range of functions. Those who used them have other language too, so the pidgin is an addition to their linguistic repertoire used for specific purposes.

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II.    Creoles

A Creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers. They are learned by children as their first language and used in a wide range of domains. As a result of their status as some group’s first language, creoles also differ from pidgins in their range of functions, in their structure and in some cases in the attitudes expressed towards them. A creole is a pidgin which has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language.

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Language Maintenance and Shift

Language Maintenance and Shift

Language maintenance generally refers to the effort to maintain or to defend a language from the extinction.

Language shift generally refers to the process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire.

Language shift happen commonly in three major areas:

1.      Migrant minorities

2.      Non-Migrant communities

3.      Migrant majorities

 

Language Death and Loss

Language death has occurred when a language is no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world. The process of language death for the language comes about through the kind of gradual loss of fluency and competence by its speaker.

 

Factors Contributing to Language Shift

v  Economic, Social and Political Factors

v  Demographic Factors

 

Language Revival

Generally, language revival is the result of the efforts of maintaining the language, which has been death or loss.

Diglossia

 

Diglossia

Diglossia can be defined as the pattern of code or variety choice. It has been used both in narrow sense and in much broader sense. It has three criteria (in narrow and original sense) :

1.      Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high (H) variety and the other a low (L) variety.

2.      Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.

3.      No one uses the variety in everyday conversation.

 

H variety can be defined as a language that a nation used first and become like one of their culture. L variety can be defined as a language that used in a formal occasion. For example:  A Germany speaks Swiss German in her everyday  interactions with other Swiss German, but she use standard German in her office.

 Attitudes towards the two codes in diglossia situation are complicated. People are generally admire the H variety. This attitude is reinforced by the fact that H variety is the one which is described and fixed or standardize in grammar books and dictionaries. However, attitudes to the L variety are varied and often ambivalent. In many countries L variety is used only locally, people may rate the variety very low indeed.

Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be bilingual. Societies or communities are diglossic. In other words, diglossia describes societal or institutionalized bilingualism, where two varieties are required to cover all the community’s domains.

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The First Lady

She is one of many great woman in Indonesia. There are a lot of people love her very much. Her life experience make people awe to her self. She seems a simple woman, but her contribution to this country make her self has so many fans. Many people thanks for her merit in build up Indonesia as growth country.
She is Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri, the first Woman President of Indonesian. from her last name, people exactly now that she is one of President Sukarno's daughter. Her long journey in life made her growth as an independent woman. This character is feel so strong for me. It is proof by her posotion in Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjunangan (PDI P) as the Leader. This position is so great for a woman, she leads many people that have some ideas about Indonesian progress and performance. As a politician, she is so resolute. Although there are many pressure to her self, but she still hold on her Principe. Not too many woman have this characteristic.
Since she was kid, she has been experience many things. As I watch in one TV program, she ever told that very difficult to have education although she is the daughter of a President. So many pressure to her family. But she showed to us that she could through the difficult moment. Because of her strong characteristic, until today, most of PDI P members still believe her to lead the party.
She showed that herself could lead this country and become the first Woman President of Indonesia. There are many good things that she has done to this country. She is a good example for many Indonesian woman, she is one of great hero. Herself is as the proof that actually woman and man have same right and same power in anythings. Woman also can do what man do.
As the next generation, Indonesian woman follow her braveness and become more powerful.

STORYTELLING

Congratulation,,Ibu !

No words can explain how we should proud to her, as a woman actually. Today, Indonesian President, Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono had allowed Mrs. Sri Mulyani to left her duty as Indonesian's Minister of Finance. She will work as a Managing Director of World Bank. It's shows us that Indonesians are able to become more than what they ever imagine.

Mrs. Sri Mulyani is a smart Indonesian Woman. She was born in Bandar Lampung on August 26th 1962. She is one of the result of woman emancipation in Indonesia. She is an economic observer. Her analysis is so unadorned. Before she works as Minister of Finance in Indonesia, she ever worked as a economic lecture of UI and Executive Director of IMF. She was the first Indonesian Woman that occupied that position.

As an Indonesian woman, she was the first who occupied the position as Minister of Finance. The great thing is, She trusted to lead Indonesian Finance two times, by selected in Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu Jilid II. She is not famous just in Indonesia, she got award as The Best of Financial Minister in Asia based on Emerging Markets. She also included as The Most Influential Woman in The World (23rd rank) based on Forbes Magazine. In Indonesia, She trusted as The Most Infuential Woman (2nd rank).

Apart from the Century case that might pawn her credibility as a minister , She had rendering many changes of Indonesia Economic. She had help this country to survive from the global crisis. Proved too powerful that Indonesia can survive and do not buried in worse economic crisis. She is a wonderful inspiration for the next generation. Indonesian woman next generation.